Background. Culture Refers To The Shared Values And Beliefs

Background Culture refers to the shared values and beliefs that bind organizations together. The role of institutional culture should not be understated. There are four broad principles of culture: (1) it creates and maintains a unique identity; (2) it promotes loyalty and personal investment to the organization, such as a college; (3) it promotes cohesiveness to the group; and (4) it manages and influences individual and group action (Gage, 1978; Goodlad, 1984; and Kuh Whitt, 1988). There is not singular or concise definition of culture in organization. â€Å"Culture is argued as playing a significant role in addressing individual bias and attitudes and institutional structures that make alternative work arrangements and other policy†¦show more content†¦This does not mean that employees are not personally invested in the organizations, that alumni do not wish to continue to be embedded in the organization, that outside entities, or donors, do not impact plans, or that faculty me mbers are not committed to continued advancements in their fields, ongoing professional development, and lifelong learning. One Community College – One Unique Experience Drawing on e several decades of research, Kuh and Whitt (1988) highlight themes that help us better understand culture and define it as â€Å"mutually shaping patterns of norms, values, practices, beliefs, and assumptions that guide the behavior of individuals and groups †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (162). In order to understand the culture of an institution we should find out what the organization and the employees value and believe and seek to understand the norms and assumptions that direct behavior. In order to enhance my understanding of the readings, I asked several of my colleagues what our culture is and for an example of our culture. Most described the culture at Montgomery Community College as a ‘students first’ view in teaching, admissions, and all other areas. Some described the college as in terms of our admission policy – open door – noting that we are an open door institution and we welcome all (Faculty Handbook, 2015). Some explained that we should seek to make students welcome at all times and the visible indicator is an open door –Show MoreRelatedEssay on Theoretical and Researched Based Frameworks of Culture1288 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom different cultural backgrounds by using telle-collaborative learning, it is necessary to address some core constructs about intercultural communication as follows culture, Intercultural communicative competence , community of practices, and tele-collaboration. They are going to be examined t hrough two key sources; theoretical works and research –based works. 2.1. Culture and Foreign Language Teaching and Learning. In this section, different views of the term â€Å"culture† are going to be presentedRead MoreAnalysis Of Louise Leiningers Theory Of Transcultural Nursing1484 Words   |  6 PagesThesis statement for CLC assignment week 3 In today’s society, our culture is becoming more diverse than it had been in history. This is an important concept that is necessary for nurses to understand in order to provide the best care possible with the best out comes possible. â€Å"We embrace diversity because by doing so our understanding of our world and our emotional and intellectual horizons are expanded, making us better advocates for our clients and better members of the communities in whichRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Important For Businesses1380 Words   |  6 Pagestheir food, music or clothing, but mainly to understand their beliefs and values, as these are usually hidden deeply beneath the surface, even though we may find some habits or beliefs in the different country s culture to be same or very similar to ours. In my opinion, it is very difficult to talk about cultural differences without making statements or likelihood, hence generalisations, which can help to describe how people from one culture usually behave and react in a particular situation. HoweverRead MoreOrganizational Culture Is The Most Important Variable That Influences The Organizational Performance1601 Words   |  7 Pagesis by constructing a captivating organizational culture. Organizational culture creates a unique identity that diversifies an organization from its opposition. Ogbonna Lloyd (p, 32, 2002) defines organizational culture as â€Å"the collective sum of beliefs, values, meanings and assumptions that are shared by a social group and that help to shape the ways in which they respond to each other and to their external environment†. Organizational Culture is the most important variable that influences theRead MoreCulture and Foreign Language: Teaching and Learning Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesIn this subsection, different approaches to teaching culture within the foreign language teaching practice and different views of the term â€Å"culture† are going to be presented as a mean to explore the close relationship between culture and language and determine what is understood as culture in this study. As it was mentioned above, there are different definitions of culture. These views have relied on the different language acquisition theories and teaching approaches that have emerged inRead MoreIntercultural Cultural Competence And Identity1335 Words   |  6 Pagesconcepts about identity, values, norms, beliefs, cultural practices, cultural patterns and competence †¦ to reflect on your cultural experience. b) Be selective, choose some of the most influential elements only. c) Discuss how your cultural narrative influences and shapes your identity and how your identity and cultural beliefs have affected the ways in which communication occurred in particular situations or across situation. Be sure to focus on your cultural background and how it shapes how youRead MoreDiversity, Diversity And Culture Is The Most Important Strategy That Needs Be Address?1179 Words   |  5 PagesIn international business the topics of diversity and culture is one the most important strategy that needs be address. Making the decision to outsource for profit gain will not necessarily happen if preparation of cultural change is not in place first. What is values and a norms in a company’s country may be offensive to other social groups of people. For example, in Germany lack of attention to diversity and culture had a serious impacts on Walmart’s position. It build frustrations to both theRead MoreThe Existence of Different Types of Cultures1092 Words   |   5 Pagessociety has a culture, in fact, every human being is cultured. In our daily usage of the word culture, we often just refer it as a custom or tradition of certain group of people, or else the higher desirable quality we can acquire after paying a hard effort such as playing piano. However the definition of culture is not as simple as that but it refers to countless aspects of life which include every simple elements at whole (Linton, 1945). In general, the social scientists often refer to the TylorsRead MoreWhat Is Organizational Culture?1204 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is organizational culture? â€Å"organizational culture refers to the beliefs and values that have existed in an organization for a long time, and to the beliefs of the staff and the foreseen value of their work that will influence their attitudes and behaviors† (Tsai, 2011, â€Å"Abstract,† para. 1). Yafang Tsai (2011) defines it as â€Å"the belief that can guide staff in knowing what to do and what not to do, including practices, values, and assumptions about their work (para. 6). It can even be definedRead MoreCultural Awareness. In This Paper, The Socio – Cultural1256 Words   |  6 Pagespresented. First, a brief discussion on the meaning of culture is discussed. Second, the five major characteristics that that define a culture are explained. Third, a detailed examination of the common cultural characteristics of Iran are presented. Specifically, the physical geography, military and conflict history, weather analysis and civil consideration with more emphasis on ‘powerà ¢â‚¬â„¢ are discussed in detail. Culture and its Meaning Culture, a term used frequently, can be used to represent a

Who Funds Political Campaigns

Ray Rice Essay - 1087 Words

Zackery Everhart Everhart 1 Professor Kent Quaney English 99 22 October 2014 As everyone who has access to a television or the Internet knows, a lot of the major headlines today are dealing with the domestic violence problem in the National Football League. In the article written by Thomas Barrabi in the International Business Times, â€Å"NFL’s History of Domestic Violence Extends Beyond Ray Rice, Adrian Peterson Abuse Cases†, it addresses the discrepancies the NFL has displayed throughout the years when it comes to disciplining the players involved in domestic violence disputes. This article takes a look at the NFL’s position on the crime of domestic violence throughout the years and today and also what they have done†¦show more content†¦Although the NFL is trying to change their involvement on domestic violence issues, it is unclear at this time if they will follow through. The NFL and Goodell continue to be under media scrutiny, especially since swift and proper action against Rice did not happen until after the footage was released. They have changed their policy to a six game suspension for a first offense, although offense is not defined and is open for interpretation in the policy. There are still football players who continue to play despite legal action against them in domestic violence disputes. The article continues with pointing out the fact that the NFL cannot altogether end the problem of domestic violence in the world today, but it can use the recent media attention to bring awareness to the problem. Although the ways in which the NFL handled these cases previously are questionable at best, there is potential to recover from previous mistakes by continuing to hold their athletes accountable and providing awareness on the subject. Overall, this article did an extremely good job of pointing out the discrepancies of how the NFL has handled domestic violence cases throughout the years. It was organized well inShow MoreRelatedDiscipline And Abuse By Ray Rice And Adrian Peterson972 Word s   |  4 Pages A thin line exists between discipline and abuse, but where is it drawn? Ray Rice and Adrian Peterson are two individuals who might have just crossed it. Most people agree that Ray Rice, who punched his fiancee in the face, knocking her out cold, committed a crime. How is it, then, that when Adrian Peterson whips his four-year-old son with a switch, it is considered an â€Å"acceptable† form of discipline? Throughout this essay, I wish to explore how people often blur discipline and abuse together, reasonsRead MoreDiscipline And Abuse By Ray Rice And Adrian Peterson972 Words   |  4 Pages A thin line exists between discipline and abuse, but where is it drawn? Ray Rice and Adrian Peterson are two individuals who might have just crossed it. Most people agree that Ray Rice, who punched his fiancee in the face knocking her out cold, committed a crime. How is it then, that when Adrian Peterson whips his four-year-old son with a switch, it is considered an â⠂¬Å"acceptable† form of discipline? Throughout this essay, I wish to explore how people often blur discipline and abuse together, reasonsRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Crops1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of GM crops is perhaps one of the most exiting and continually growing aspects of genetic science. It has an interesting history, many and varied applications, well-researched techniques and its own set of issues ripe for debate; this essay will discuss these aspects. Genetically modified crops have been a large part of the agricultural landscape for thousands of years. Ever since wild crops were domesticated by the first farmers domesticated wild varieties of grains and tubers. SimplyRead MoreThe Advantages of Coral Reefs for Human1530 Words   |  7 PagesJapanese food, consisting of cooked rice combined with raw seafood usually salmon fish, which is shaped into bite-size pieces and formed into a long seaweed-wrapped roll. They usually eat sushi while it was still uncooked, but some people prefer to eat when it was already cooked. Another dish or food that is made from salmon fish is â€Å"sashimi†. Sashimi is the same with sushi, but the difference is that sashimi can be eaten without rice while sushi should be eaten with rice. Sashimi is a Japanese dish madeRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of What The Numbers Show About N.f. L. Player Arrests727 Words   |  3 Pagesexcellent use of statistics and graphs numerous times throughout the art icle. â€Å"One N.F.L. player in 40 is arrested in a given year.† (Irwin 181) Neil Irwin starts off in his body paragraphs by giving the reader a sense of scale upon which the rest of the essay is built. His statistics also have a strong credibility to them, since they come from USA Today a well known and respected newspaper. â€Å"Some 28 percent of the arrests in the database were for driving under the influence, with 202 incidents. OtherRead MoreNegative Effect On Football1197 Words   |  5 Pagescoaches the NFL has ever seen and he truly believed if you work as hard as you can for a group commitment you will always be successful. Another man named Ray Rice, the possible best running back to ever play in the NFL, once stated, â€Å"Success is not defined by becoming an NFL football player It’s more defined about what you become in life.† Ray Rice was a very wealthy and successful NFL running back what he meant by this quote was, even if football was not around and after football is gone he will stillRead MoreMcdonald s The International Market Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagesin the wider and global market. There are also some risks that McDonald’s has to take in order to be as successful as today. Thus, this essay will explain about how McDonald’s internationalizes itself and what are the factors that make McDonald’s globalizes internationally. First of all, before explaining about how McDonald’s internationalizes itself, this essay will explain what does internationalization meant. Internationalization means the process of implementing a product or service, which canRead MorePhysical Therapy for a Sprained Ankle698 Words   |  3 PagesTreatment of a sprained ankle as a physical therapist This essay is going to talk about the work, salary and educational requirements of physical therapist. We’re also going to talk about the ankle and its anatomy, the sprained ankle and how to cure it. The main topic is going to be how a physical therapist is involved in the curing and rehabilitating a sprained ankle. My name is Jasper Kuester and I’m a Physical Therapist, which are commonly known as physiotherapists. The general work of PhysicalRead MoreHenry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson1992 Words   |  8 Pagesgroup of transcendentalists who brought great ideals with them through the mid 1800’s. Their philosophy stated that people needed to stay true to themselves and their own ideas, not those of society. One essay where Thoreau thoroughly exemplifies this is in Civil Disobedience. Throughout this essay, Thoreau tries to show his point that even though the government consists of more people, it will not always be correct. This means that the majority does not always equal the better option and that if peopleRead MoreHendrix and Vietnam1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe Relationship Between The Vietnam War And Music Of The U.S.A. Case Study: Jimi Hendrix This essay looks at musician Jimi Hendrixs musical reactions to the American involvement in the Vietnam War. 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Managing AIDS Free Essays

Introduction In the situation with Frank Deloisio, a middle manager who had AIDS, Jean Langone Smith had one of the greatest tests of her career. She was encountered a case of the type which so many managers can come across, as one in every 250 Americans has been diagnosed with the plague of the twentieth century, yet the situation is so delicate that few books can help a person in managing position to sort out the ethical issues that relate to it. Managing AIDS: Issues To Confront In a sense, managing a person diagnosed with AIDS is similar to managing any other person who has been diagnosed with a different terminal illness like cancer or tuberculosis in the final stages. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing AIDS or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, AIDS is a special social phenomenon due to the stigma associated with this contagious disease. It has come to symbolize the bohemian lifestyle of the homosexuals and prostitutes, and many people feel that a person is to blame for having incurred such a condition. Besides, despite the medical professionals’ assurances, there are still fears that a person with this condition may infect somebody in the environment, which makes the removal of such a person from the group desirable for some. One more issue that was associated with AIDS in Frank’s case was his frequent absences. He in some ways had to use Jean and others to be able to pay for his disease. The employees at DEC had to put in extra time and carry the extra workload to compensate for his frequent treatments. Besides, people were not even informed about the reason of his absences, and thus had a reason to believe that he was merely using them to take time off work to attend to his personal matters. Utilitarian Perspective If Jean had viewed the happenings from a utilitarian perspective, she would merely be concerned with the consequences of her decisions, and in evaluating those consequences, her primary focus would be the amount of happiness or unhappiness of the people that would result from it. Thus, dismissal of Frank Deloisio seems a plausible option. If he had been fired for his illness, the company would have to replace him with a different person who would most likely be able to handle the responsibilities, devoting more time to them. Then all the employees would be happy, as they would be relieved of their extra responsibility. As for Frank, he would be less important, as his troubles are those of a single person. Deontological Perspective From a deontological view, it is necessary to do what is right regardless of the consequences. The view taken and the practical steps depend on the stance adopted towards what is right or wrong. Thus, if the right thing is standing by the sick person, then the right thing is to help Frank in his predicament, sharing his responsibilities. One could say that a sick person is not able to care for oneself, and thus it is correct from the ethical standpoint to share the benefits available to other people to help the sick one. On the other hand, if one adopts the view that the ultimate good is efficiency, then Frank’s dismissal is a viable option as he is clearly in the way of the company’s success. His replacement with a different person would contribute to the efficient functioning of the company as a whole. Fairness to AIDS-Infected Person Fairness means dealing with people honestly and in accordance with principles. In this sense, the manager’s obligation consists in dealing with employees fairly, without bias or prejudice. Thus, a person suffering from AIDS should be dealt with in the same manner as any other person who is suffering from a serious health disorder. This also means that the manager should induce all the employees to treat the one infected with AIDS in the same manner. Thinking about Rights Maintaining the rights of a person requires the adherence to a certain set of principles. For instance, the sick person has the right to confidentiality, and this is what Jean has been trying to do for Frank. Besides, Frank was also entitled to company’s medical insurance, and the full coverage of the costs associated with his illness. Regarding a case from this perspective involves the maintenance of a number of basic principles, but there is always the danger that something might fall through the cracks. For instance, if the person is not entitled to a change in job responsibilities, this will not be pursued by the manager as it is not part of the sick employee’s specified rights. How Jean Did Jean, although unprepared to deal with a situation like that, lived up to the challenge of solving organizational problems in her department. She was not reached by the AIDS programs to the extent that she could derive her knowledge of what she could do from that source, and thus she was acting based on her own ethical judgement. Jean went far beyond what was necessary according to the formalities at the company. She assisted Frank in adjusting his responsibilities to suit his current health conditions, and even had an idea to coin a new position designed for him where he could emphasize his technical skills, without putting pressure on him that he could not handle. When his health deteriorated, she relaxed his responsibilities even further. This raised her authority with the personnel, allowing people at the company to see that she was ready to go beyond what was prescribed by the rules to accommodate her employees. In a way, her own ethical perspective was changed: if previously she looked at the people as professionals, restricting her relationship with them as a purely business one, now she could show that she was ready to see them as unique individuals that are important not only as cogs in the machine. Perhaps the clear-cut nature of the case that involved helping a sick person helped Jean to make a leap from a strict and formal manager to a life-and-blood personality. If Jean had been confronted with a more ethically ambiguous case like accommodating the frustration of person in the middle of a divorce, she would be more tempted to think along the lines, â€Å"They have to cope with their problems on their own†. Facing a situation of someone hopelessly ill changed her behaviour and views. Conclusion Jean did well as she preserved the rights of a sick person, acted fairly, and was good at maintaining the basic principle of helping a sick person. Jean’s actions were also right from the utilitarian perspective in a sense. Supporting an employee in need helped her to uphold her image in the eyes of others, as well as the image of the company. The employees at DEC were able to draw the conclusion that if they fall ill with AIDS, they can probably expect the same sensitive and insightful treatment. This idea is going to boost their morale in the long run, and increase their loyalty for the company. The case made headlines, which is going to serve as positive publicity for DEC, elevating the corporate image. It is perhaps unfair to suspect Jean of such a motivation being her primary driver, but this serves to show that her actions gain support from both deontological and utilitarian perspective. How to cite Managing AIDS, Essay examples

Mystical Significance of Hebrew Letters free essay sample

Letters, alphabets, and numbers all play a invaluable role in all of society. Whether it is for school, business, or everyday things we can all agree that every character of every culture is important in its own simple way. But what if these characters meant and are used to show something deeper than just the material world. The mystical meanings of the characters in the Kabbalah will be the main topic of discussion in this paper. We will go through brief explanations of all 22. These explanations will consist of a short description of what they mean spiritually and then some normal facts such as what number it is. So first is Alef (× ). Alef is the Hebrew number for one. It symbolizes the water and can be found in the passage where it talks about the first day of creation. Now the way Alef is formed, the top mark is supposed to symbolize closeness with God while the bottom is showing a bitterness of the lowly man. We will write a custom essay sample on Mystical Significance of Hebrew Letters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Next is the letter Beit which is the number two in Hebrew (ב). Beit refers to the word house, as in God’s house. Much of the mystic letter of the letter refers to God’s House and how we should be honored to enter. Beit can also translate to â€Å"passion† or â€Å"desire†. This can show that we desire or have a passion to live with God in happiness. The third letter Gimel (×’) is the Hebrew letter for three. It also symbolizes a rich man chasing after a poor man in order to give him charity/reward him. In the mystic sense reward and punishment are meant for the same end. But it is interesting because running is the biggest physical expression we have of freedom and choice. The next and fourth letter is Dalet ד)) which is the number four. This letter is essentially reversed from the last one. That is the poor man receives the reward/charity that the rich man offers. Also there is a connection between both dalet and beit, that is that dalet is the door to beit. Very Interesting how these letters interact with one another Next we have the fifth letter Hei ( ×”) which is the number 5, as you can see I am going in order so I will take out this sentence now from now on. Hei’s  character is interesting in that all three lines have a separate meaning. The Top line represents thought, the right vertical line represent speech, and the left like represents actions. Thought being the most important but it is connected to speech which shows they are connected. But at the same time action is not connected so action is separate from thought and speech. The sixth letter is Vav ( ו), this letter is different in that it represent the number fifty. The letter vav shows that the line to create it is meant as a way of differentiating realities. The line is supposed to take on two dimensions, a external and a internal. Part of the creation force is supposedly comes from these two dimensions. The seventh letter is Zayin ( ×â€") which means â€Å"The Woman of Valor†. Unfortunately there isn’t much to discuss here that would be easy to understand. I can’t really pick anything out except that it means the number 7 so ill move onto the next letter. The eighth letter is Chet ( ×â€") which means â€Å"life† in a simplistic sense. Chet symbolizes two levels of life. The first meaning is â€Å"essential life† which is the state in which God is always in. The second meaning is â€Å"Life Enliven† which is the Lord’s creative power. It also is the letter for the number eight. The Ninth letter is tov ( ט) the number nine. But it also symbolizes the mother and nine months in which she carries her child, also the concealed good. While we have many different way to say thing are beautiful, pretty, and attractive. In the Hebrew alphabet tov represents to most modest of all beauty. While it would be fun and interesting to continue to list and explain all the different letters I believe that it would be repetitive and boring. So with that I would like to take some time and just generally discuss the Hebrew alphabet. It is thought that the letters of the Hebrew alphabet, if studied and thought upon, can show signs that point to life improving truths. The 22 consonants of the Hebrew alphabet were also thought to have been the building blocks of the cosmos. So it is pretty easy to how important the alphabet is. In a more mystic sense words are thought to  sustain the universe and help preserve it. As we can see, to the Kabbalah view the alphabet plays a huge role in their divine and mystical aspects. It was interesting and I advise that everyone continues reading the meanings of the letters. I honestly envy the Hebrew alphabet to have so much to learn from just their alphabet. Works Cited http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Grammar/Unit_One/Aleph-Bet/aleph-bet.html http://www.templesanjose.org/JudaismInfo/tradition/Kabbalah/alephbet.pdf

Management Theories and Success in Business

Introduction For any kind of business to be successful, different kinds of management theories must be implemented. In today’s changing business organizations, the major functions of business management need to change as well in order to suit the managerial role. This means that there should be coordination between organization, planning, coordinating and leading roles in any business management set up.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management Theories and Success in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Management theories The first management theory is the scientific management theory which was developed under a classical point of view considering the large industrialized business organizations. This theory focuses on such organizations which manufacture a variety of products repeatedly. Considering the expenses involved in scientific methods and other technical operations as well as the reluctance on the part of the workers, this theory was developed to control these two situations. Firstly, a large organization needs to divide its operations into small sections to ensure that all employees are aware of their duties. Selection and training of competent personnel for all sections is equally required to ensure quality execution of duty. Monitoring of the operations in all sections should then be done effectively for assurance purposes. Consistent practice of these measures should also be ensured (Heller, 2006, p. 1). Another very important management theory is the administrative bureaucratic theory which defines all the principles of management. It emphasizes on division of labor where specific sections of an organization have their qualified personnel to concentrate on them. Since there is specialization in the different fields, production tends to increase. It also identifies the need of authority going hand in hand with responsibility where leaders are required to effective ly carry out their duties besides giving orders. Respect between employees and the management should as well be ensured. For instance, employees should seek approval from their leaders in a wise and disciplined manner and the leaders should as well respect the employees (Sinha, 2010, p. 1). For any organization to be successful and enjoy full profitability, supervision of its operations should be unified such that only one superior gives instructions. This helps prevent corrupt dealings in the organization. Employees working under a certain section of the firm should be unified and work towards achieving a one goal. Additionally, the employees should put the organization’s interests before theirs all the time. Employees are only loyal and dedicated to their work when they are paid well. It is, therefore, the duty of the management team to distribute fair wages to the employees. Consolidation of power within the organization to ensure that maximum returns are received is as we ll very important. Effective communication from the highest authority to the lowest is very essential is promoting success of any organization (McNamara, 2010, p. 1).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another management theory is the contingency theory where decision making should always be based on the situation that the organization is at during that specific time. It basically involves taking actions depending on the situations at hand. The final and very important aspect of any business organization is the systems theory which unifies a whole organization with the aim of achieving a specific goal for the benefit of all those who are involved. The idea of the system theory is to bring together different units, which may be referred to as raw materials, in an organization such as machinery in order to produce quality outputs. Through provision of quality products, the organi zation is able to maintain its customers and markets (Shah, 2010, p. 1). Conclusion The most important aspect of any organization’s success is the consolidation and cooperation between its management and the employees both aiming at achieving a universal goal. Reference List Heller, R. (2006). Management Theories. Web. McNamara, C. (2010). Brief History of Management Theories. Web. Sinha, R. (2010). Management Theories. Web. Shah, K. and Shah, J. P. (2010). Theories of Motivation. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management Theories and Success in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Management Theories and Success in Business was written and submitted by user Damon P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom IFRS Implementation in the US essay

buy custom IFRS Implementation in the US essay IFRS is a set of accounting principles and standards, which are developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB, 2009). It has been applied by over 12,000 companies in more than 120 countries worldwide. It is ever becoming a globally agreed system for the preparation of all financial statements for all public companies worldwide. In the US, US.GAAP is majorly used by companies. Recently, however, the G20 group of leaders had decided for an application of significant direction towards the use of one universally accepted accounting standard. US president Obama also reiterated the fact that it is vital for all nations to adopt a single accounting standard. Therefore, the Stock Exchange Commission is busy designing the road plan or roadmap for propelling USA towards the adoption of IFRS. I will discuss the pros and cons of IFRS implementation in the USA and also its costs and benefits almost simultaneously. On the pro side, I will be touching on the fact that with the implementation of IFRS standards in the USA, success in the development of high quality and comprehensive accounting standards have been achieved. The con side will be costs related; whereby there is an underlying concern the financial reporting principles have been drastically pushed downwards and later concealed by obscure uniformity. The conclusion that the uniform financial reporting will enhance inter-firm and cross border comparisons seems immature as it ignores the existing economic and political factors that greatly affect the financial statement preparers incentives, which will then affect the eventual reporting practices (D'Atri Braccini, 2010). The IFRS implementation in the USA is mandatory after the SEC officially reviewed all the regulations and made them to be part of the reporting standards. The accounting standards reviewed have focused on the determinants of relevance, reliability, and quality. The existing accounting standards FASB and IASB are laying strong emphasis only on reliability but IFRS cuts through all the determinants. The first pro of the adoption of IFRS in the US has direct positive effect on both institutional and local investors. This is because IFRS will promote a more comprehensive, accurate and timely information concerning the financial statement, relative to the accepted accoutnitng standards. To the point that these financial statements are not sourced elsewhere, it should enhance a comprehensive valuation of all equity markets hence, making investors to have low risks. Small institutional investors, unlike the professional ones, would be able to confirm the financial statement reports from external sources. Enhancing reporting quality enables these investors to compete favorably with the established investors and thereby reducing risk that they may be engaged with (Jameson, 2010). Through the elimination of global differences in accounting standards and standardization of all reporting formats, the IFRS will eliminate many changes and re-evaluations, which the financial analysts have made in the past to make the companys financial reports comparable internationally. The implementation of IFRS in the US, therefore, will reduce the costs incurred by investors in preparing the financial information. An added gain is that, lowering the costs of preparing the financial reports will increase the efficiency in which the stock markets can incorporate them in prices. Investors are thus expected to benefit from enhanced market efficiency. IFRS implementation will also lower international differences in accounting policies and standards, which aids in the removal of barriers existing in cross-border mergers and acquisitions, as they in theory, reward investors with enhanced takeover premiums. Generally, IFRS implementation offers increased and rewarding comparability and thus lowering the information costs due to asymmetric information. It is very important to discuss its evolution from the time it was first implemented. This will enable individuals to appreciate how these accounting standards have transformed the business picture in the US and the rest of the world. Something worth noting is that all companies are supposed to have strict compliance to universally accepted accounting principles (Thomas et al, 2008). The eventual transition of US accounting policy from US.GAAP is basically a factor to be highly regarded by most individuals in the corporate world. The road map to IFRS was initially an idea of Stock Exchange Commission. More than 200 professional letters were eventually handed over to the SEC from users, preparers, analysts, academia, auditors, professional organizations, and other people. Facts and opinions relating the IFRS issues like implementation costs, compatibility, quality, and convergence versus adoption were laid across the spectrum, despite the fact that most individuals realized the importance of quality financial reporting standards for both domestic and external reporting (Wolfgang Piera, 2010). The roadmap reveals a vision or target, that if achieved, would result to the recommended use of IFRS for all US issuers before 2014. This year, the SEC has decided to move with the 2009s proposed plan, which was based on the eventual achievements of marked milestones. During that year, the SEC published many articles revolving around possible effects of IFRS adoption and addressing critical issues raised by academia and authors concerning the mode of implementation. A single set of accounting principles will enhance greater comparability of performance between firms and can enable companies from different locations in the world to use the same standards (Thomas et al, 2008). It also increases transparency, encourages cross-border investment activities, which come with greater liquidity and low capital costs. Adoption of IFRS will also reduce time and costs accrued when preparing financial statements using different standards and policies hence achieving huge savings of investment ca pital in the end. The implementation of the IFRS will remove the inconsistency of accounting information as a result of applying different accounting standards. This will help investors to continue pursuing various strategic policies like global investment diversification. Detailed explanation of these benefits will be handled when I will be dealing with the weight of cost benefit analysis of the implementation of IFRS in the USA.IFRS have varied indirect merits to investors. Since greater information details reduce all risks accruing to less informed investors and those owning shares, it eventually lead to the reduction of the companys cost of capital. This willthen increase share prices and make new firms investments to be attractive, keeping all other factors constant. These indirect advantages come from increasing the usefulness of the financial statements in two or more contracting parties. Enhance level of transparency makes managers to act in consistency with the shareholders interests and aspirations. Moreover, timely recognition of losses in the prepared financial statements enhances the managers incentives to pay attention to the unsuccessful or unprofitable but operational investments more quickly, and thus reduce the undertaking of firms with negative NPVs in future like trophy acquisitions and pet projects. The enhanced transparency and timeliness in loss recognition enabled by IFRS thus, raise the efficiency and suitability of contracting between managers and firms, reducing the agency costs existing between shareholders and managers therefore, ensuring that corporate governance is enhanced (Wolfgang Piera,F2010). The investors gain arises from the fact that managers are improving on their welfare. The indirect demerits accruing to inve stors come from enhancing the usefulness or utility of the financial statements in some firms, which have entered into a contract with other third parties. Adoption of IFRS will lead to positive cash flows to investors. The positive cash flow effects include contracting costs and lowered cost of managerial rent extraction, which is associated with enhanced financial reporting transparency. Investors will be able to get convergence benefits. This will lead to the firms reducing forecast errors and satisfying investor confidence. The more improved transparency assured by the implementation of IFRS would lead to increased efficiency of firms and lenders under contract. This will ensure a constant efficiency of operations in the intra-firm and inter-firm developments (Barry Eva, 2010). On the costs-benefits analysis, IFRS seems to have more benefits than costs if implemented. First, IFRS increases the liquidity of capital markets. Moreover, it reduces the firms capital costs by ensuring the provision of comprehensive information to shareholders about corporate governance. Nevertheless, most scholars argue that the above point is only applicable if the adoption of the IFRS rules and standards will lead to the improvement of reporting quality and the comparability of all reporting practices world wide. Finance and accounting scholars suggest that it is less certain that a transition to the IFRS will bring about substantial effects on the quality of reporting in the USA. US companies have a required obligation to report their figures in a procedure or a given format that is not determined by the accounting standards but also determined by the countrys enforcement effects and legal institutions. All these issues have resulted in high quality reporting in the US. If the factors will not be changed, it is less likely that most US companies reporting issues would become better due to IFRS adoption. The scholars have also concluded that it is not so certain that transition to IFRS will adversely affect the quality and standard of reporting by the American companies since the other forces will take effect (Bruggemann, 2001). The proponents of IFRS implementation suggest that upon the adoption of IFRS in the US, it will result in better comparability of financial reports with other companies in the world. However, the accounting standards are among the factors that influence the companys reporting incentives, hence it will become more doubtful if the implementation of IFRS would lead to tangible economic benefits. If some factors within the firm are different across countries and firms, then the firms reporting policies will be different in some aspects either with or without the implementation of the IFRS standards. Evidence got from other countries and firms shows that there exists a wide difference in the way firms apply and use IFRS and that most firms show a likelihood to use their local GAAP when dealing with accounting formulations and judgments. What is interesting ,however, is the fact that US companies have tried so much to harmonize the difference existing between US/GAAP and IFRS thus, enabling them to make comparisons with other countries financial reporting activities (Commerce Clearing House, 1984). When it comes to costs side, the implementation of IFRS will need support from auditors, regulators, investors, and investors. At the transitional stage, most firms usually make their accounting procedures and policies and provide financial information, which are comparative in nature between the previously used US/GAAP report and the adopted IFRS compliant financial reports. Moreover, companies usually train their employees and other stakeholders like investors and analysts in the preparation and use of the financial reports. The financial contracts with the elements, which are tied to accounting figures would be revisited. In the economic situation prevailing currently, most companies are unwilling to incur all these expenses and costs. One should also consider the long run benefits of IFRS implementation. For instance, most US firms operational world wide would economize a great deal of money by avoiding the costs and expenses of translating all the financial reports into many accounting languages. Therefore, transition to IFRS would ensure that multinational firms belonging to the US maintain and follow a single class of accounts. Even though US multinational firms would reap a lot of benefits due to the implementation of IFRS, it is not so certain that all domestic US firms would garner a great cost savings if they agree to implement IFRS. Additionally, most large firms would be able and willing to absorb all the costs of implementation or adoption of IFRS because these costs are part of fixed component. Firms with the Big Four auditing team will gain because these auditing firms have vat experience in the formulation and implementation of IFRS reports and they rely mostly on global professional network. Having indicated all these factors, determining the overall effect of IFRS implementation in the US reduces to a trade off between costs of implementing the new system and the recurrent benefits or gains of having the ability to do comparison of financial reports over different countries. It also includes the recurrent cost savings got from using a one-line reporting standard for some companies. Scholars show that it is not very clear what the impact of the cost-benefit trade-off will be for a specific company. To some scholars, IFRS implementtation in the US is the right course of action to take if the companies are given choices or a transition criterion that is very dynamic and flexible. The scholars also devised two adoption processes or stages whereby the first stage involves a company voluntarily opting to transits to IFRS or maintain the previous standards. The second stage is where there is a mandatory and universal adoption of IFRS policies and stipulated framework. All the companies are required to switch to this policy(IASB, 2009). The multi-stage process enables companies having low net costs of implementing the IFRS to quickly take the lead and this will furnish investors, regulators, companies and auditors a good opportunity to observe, learn and conclude about how the switching to IFRS affect their performance. For example, auditors or auditing firms will understand how to switch firms to adopt IFRS, which will alternatively lower the costs and expenses for firms that adopt the given standards in future. With time, a host of companies may find it rewarding to make transition, thereby making it less hard to ensure that all firms have followed suit (Barry Eva, 2010). The networks of benefits of one-line accounting standards will be fully achieved if large number of firms adopts the required standards. Thus, scholars observe that Stock Exchange Commission proposals that require a small number of companies to apply the required standards is self defeating, since most economies of scale together with network effects will not be clear for small groups. Given that global markets are ever interacting, the need for clearer and more consistent accounting standards become inevitable. The conversion of US accounting standards to IFRS will benefit the country in a global market perspective. It will enable companies to improve their processes, streamline accounting systems and prevent parallel accounting over the cross border jurisdictions. The greatest concern, however, that arises from the implementation of IFRS is that both the institutional and external investors will be given misleading information to believe that there is a consistent uniformity in the reporting standards, which is not the case. Uneven implementation will lead to increase in the costs of processing the demands of multinational investors (Barry,2010). Another effect of cost-benefit analysis of the implementation of IFRS in the US is that of the implementation costs. According to Stock Exchange Commission, it will cost the government almost $ 8 billion dollars to implement IFRS nationwide. This cost is not reflective of the economic gains to be received as the infant companies who are new to the policies will have to incur recurrent costs to keep the system working. From the cost-benefit point of view, some scholars believe that convergence is more important or is advisable than adoption. IFRS implementation will present many challenges to the US ec onomy as it would result in cost- push inflation. Enforcement of IFRS in the USA and in other countries could pose a serious challenge due to different political and economic settings. Different countries in the world have different political and economic factors and reporting standards hence, harmonizing these factors will be costly and time consuming. Investors look at the introduction of IFRS to be negatively affecting the quality of reporting. This can happen if investors believe that IFRS will not succeed in reflecting regional disparities in economies or maintain the countries varying economic and political features, which can lead to existing disparities in internal domestic standards. Some investors will also believe that upon the implementation of IFRS it may lead to rise in managerial discretions (Krishna Palepu, 2007). The pronounced effects of IFRS implementation in the US have lead to the redistributing consequences cutting across all firms. The effects of comparability of different financial statements prior to the implementation of IFRS will also pause a great challenge. Despite all the costs and cons I have explained, the US willingness to adopt IFRS shows that the country is willing to corporate with other countries for a common good (Abbas,2011). The cost, which could arise here, though insignificant, is that most countries in the world employ different financial reporting standards, which will give problems to harmonization of reporting policies. For nations that have not implemented these policies, it will be very difficult for US multinational firms to operate in these countries because of the existing financial reporting disparity. When the IFRS is implemented in the US, it will increase or enhance corporate decision making. IFRS will lower the existing asymmetry of information, which could have otherwise negatively affected sourcing of external capital. Implementation of IFRS will reduce agency issues as it will provide a trustworthy benchmark, which enables the foreign investors to evaluate the efficiency of the firm(Barry et al, 2010). What needs to be understood is the transition costs incurred. USA will incur a great deal of expenses when formulating policies that will eventually result in the implementation of IFRS. Much as there are existing recurrent benefits, it is worth mentioning that for firms who initially were not conversant with IFRS principles, recurrent costs would also be incurred. This will cause a substantial financial drain to most US companies. Companies will need to adjust their internal accounting framework, train all their accounting officers and ensure that the existing investors and shareholders are notified concerning the changes in accounting standards. For firms, which may not be able to catch up so easily, what is required is that they will have to outsource firms capable of preparing their financial reports commensurate to the IFRS rules and regulations(Krishna et al,2007). The projections indicate that the transition costs per firm average 0.31% of their sales revenue and the bigger firms average stands at approximately $ 700 million dollars. From these figures, it can be concluded that transition costs could average $ 8 billion nationally. These costs are bound to rise if the Stock Exchange Commission reports the data inclusive of all US/GAAP reconciliation costs (Wolfgang,2010). In conclusion, the reflective idea is that US should consider adopting the IFRS policies since not only will it enable firms to have increased investment returns but makes the country to pose financial statistics, which are comparable to those of other countries. This will ensure that there is harmonization of all the accounting principles in order to ensure effective and efficient financial reporting. Buy custom IFRS Implementation in the US essay